Japanese azalea

The symptom affects acid-loving plants — hydrangea, rose, rhododendron, blueberry and others — grown on alkaline or calcareous soils. The leaf blade turns yellow while the veins remain distinctly green, producing the characteristic interveinal chlorosis. The symptoms appear first on the youngest leaves at the shoot tips, because iron is not very mobile within the plant and is not translocated into new growth. In extreme cases the leaves are almost white and their margins dry out. Crucially, the cause is usually not a lack of iron in the soil but too high a pH, which blocks its uptake by the roots. It is worth noting that not all susceptible plants are equally acid-loving — the rose prefers a slightly acidic to neutral reaction (about pH 6–7) and also develops iron chlorosis on strongly alkaline, calcareous soils, although it is not acid-loving in the way rhododendron or blueberry is. The pattern of yellowing is very regular: not only the main vein stays green but the whole fine network of veins, so that the leaf looks like green lace on a yellow-green background — this is the most reliable diagnostic feature, distinguishing interveinal chlorosis from the uniform, whole-surface yellowing typical of nitrogen deficiency. The symptoms intensify with each successive flush: older leaves at the base of the shoot may still be green or only slightly paled, and the younger the leaf, the paler it is, up to almost white, lemon-yellow tips. Under a long-lasting deficiency the margins and tips of the youngest leaves turn brown and necrotic, shoots grow more weakly and become smaller, and in blueberry the yield and fruit quality decline. Iron chlorosis is not contagious — it does not spread from plant to plant but appears simultaneously in all specimens growing on the same, overly alkaline site, which also helps to distinguish it from infectious diseases. Its severity can vary through the season: cold, wet and compacted soil, poor root aeration, excess calcium, a high bicarbonate content in the watering water, and over-fertilization with phosphorus additionally hinder iron uptake and aggravate the symptoms even when the element is not lacking in the soil.

The disease develops in overly wet, poorly aerated substrate and attacks the roots and the base of the stem. The roots turn brown, rot and lose their bark, which slips off easily, and a dark, watery rot appears at the stem base. The above-ground part wilts, yellows and dies back despite moist soil – a characteristic symptom, because the damaged roots no longer take up water. Especially at risk are houseplants, succulents and cacti (from overwatering), and in the ground conifers, rhododendrons, ericaceous plants and strawberries on waterlogged sites. The process begins inconspicuously at the root hairs and root tips, which darken and disappear, after which the rot advances towards the framework roots and the root collar. Healthy, pale, active roots waste away — what remains is a dark, rusty-brown or blackish, watery mass, and the outer layer of the root bark slips off like a glove, exposing the discoloured central cylinder. In trees and shrubs, infection of the collar and the base of the trunk (stem-base rot) shows as a dark, often streaking patch, sometimes with oozing, and the bark there is moist and sunken; in conifers and rhododendrons, browning and dieback are seen from the bottom or from the centre of the crown while the soil is still moist. Characteristic is the nested (patchy) occurrence of symptoms in the bed — where water and the pathogen accumulate locally. It is worth distinguishing the two causal oomycete genera: Pythium mainly attacks seedlings and fine roots, causing damping-off and root rot in cool, wet substrate, whereas Phytophthora also attacks older, woody plants, framework roots and the collar, more strongly in warmer, water-saturated soil. Key for diagnosis is the contradiction of the symptoms: the plant wilts and looks 'dry', although the substrate is wet — this results from the destruction of the roots, not from a shortage of water.

Weevils 8-12 mm long, black or dark brown, with a short, broad snout, flightless and active at night. Their larvae are white, legless, C-shaped, with a brown head, and live in the soil. Symptoms: the adult beetles notch characteristic semicircular bites into leaf margins at night (box, rhododendron, bergenia, strawberry, houseplants), while the larvae gnaw at roots, bulbs and the base of shoots, causing the plant to wilt suddenly and die. The most common is the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), more rarely the strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus) and related species. A key factor behind their numbers is parthenogenetic reproduction (virgin birth): populations consist almost exclusively of females, and a single female lays several hundred eggs into the soil without a male, so an outbreak builds up quickly. Life cycle: the beetles overwinter mainly as larvae (some as adults) in the soil; the adults emerge in late spring and early summer and for about 3-4 weeks carry out maturation feeding on the leaves before they begin to lay eggs, while the larvae feed on roots from summer through autumn and again in early spring. The larval stage is the most dangerous - the larvae chew the roots and gnaw the root collar at the base of the shoot (girdling), causing the plant to wilt suddenly despite moist soil and to lift easily out of the substrate; adult feeding (semicircular notches on leaf margins) mainly disfigures the plant and rarely kills it. Plants in containers are particularly at risk, where the limited root ball is quickly destroyed. The beetles are flightless, so they spread by walking across the substrate and - above all - with infested plants and substrate, which makes newly bought potted plants the main route of introduction.