Corn salad

Yellow or angular (vein-bounded) spots on the upper leaf surface, matched underneath by a grey-violet or brown coating of spores. It differs from powdery mildew, whose white coating sits on the upper surface. It develops in humidity and cool nights and is dangerous to cucumbers, onions and grapevines. The spots are initially light green or yellowing, and their angular, mosaic-like shape arises because the pathogen's spread is halted by the larger leaf veins. The delicate, felt-like coating on the underside (hence the name 'mildew') is the sporulation of the oomycete — best seen in the morning or after a period of high air humidity. Over time the spots turn brown, dry out and merge, the leaf dies prematurely, which weakens the whole plant and lowers the yield. The disease is highly host-specialised: cucumbers and squashes are attacked by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, onion by Peronospora destructor, grapevine by Plasmopara viticola, and lettuce by Bremia lactucae — so infection of one species usually does not spread to unrelated crops.

On the stems, at the base of the plants and on parts in contact with the soil, a watery, soft rot appears, covered with a dense, white, cottony fungal mycelium. Within the tissue and on its surface, black, hard resting bodies (sclerotia) the size of a grain form, which are a diagnostic feature. Infected plants wilt, snap and die; the disease attacks many species of vegetables and ornamentals. The infection usually begins as a pale, watery, almost translucent spot that quickly enlarges into a soft rot; in humid air it becomes overgrown with the characteristic, cotton-white mycelium. As the disease progresses, the infected stem becomes girdled and constricted and loses its rigidity, so that the plant above the point of infection wilts and dies, while the tissue, once dried out, bleaches and turns dry, stringy and frayed. The inside of affected stems (the pith) is often hollow and filled with black sclerotia the size of cereal grains — this is the most reliable feature distinguishing this disease. Sclerotinia infects a very wide range of hosts (including lettuce, beans, cucumbers, carrot, brassicas, sunflower, oilseed rape and numerous perennials and ornamentals), and the rot also develops after harvest, in stored roots and heads. In spring, small, cream-brown, cup-shaped fruiting bodies (apothecia) grow from the sclerotia lying in the soil and release ascospores, which infect plants most often through spent petals and weakened tissues.

Seedlings and young transplants suddenly wilt, topple over and die, often in patches. At the base of the stem, just above the soil surface, the root collar turns black, softens and constricts, so the plant loses its support and falls over. Seeds may also rot before emergence, which shows as sparse, uneven emergence of vegetable transplants, annual flowers and herbs raised from seed. Two phases are distinguished: pre-emergence damping-off (rotting of the germinating seeds, absence or gaps in emergence) and post-emergence damping-off (toppling of seedlings that have already emerged). The exact picture depends on the pathogen. With infection by oomycetes (Pythium) the rot is watery, translucent and soft — the constricted stem looks as if 'cut with a knife', and the seedling falls flat, especially in cold and excess water. Rhizoctonia solani produces a brown to rusty-red constriction, the tissue is drier and more pinched than watery, the seedling may remain standing for some time, and a delicate, brown, cobweb-like mycelium is sometimes visible on the surface of the medium and on the collar. Fusarium causes wilting with yellowing and discoloration at the base and of the roots. The focus spreads in a circular, patchy way from the first infected seedling, because the pathogen travels through the moist medium and water; the roots of diseased seedlings are brown, poorly developed, with sloughing bark.

Slugs and shelled snails that feed at night and after rain. Symptoms: irregular holes in the leaves and young seedlings eaten off completely, silvery slime trails on leaves and soil. The greatest damage occurs in damp, shaded spots — particularly on lettuce, strawberries and hostas. The most damaging in gardens are the slugs (which lack an external shell): the Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris, formerly described as A. lusitanicus) and the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum). The leopard slug (Limax maximus) can be morphologically similar to them, but it feeds mainly on decaying organic matter and fungi and may even prey on other slugs, so it is of little importance as a pest of living plants. Shelled forms — grove snails (Cepaea) or the protected Roman snail (Helix pomatia) — usually cause less damage. The body is soft, elongated and permanently covered in slime; on the head there are two pairs of retractable tentacles — the longer upper pair bears the eyes, the shorter lower pair serves a tactile and olfactory function. Slugs and snails are hermaphrodites: they lay spherical, transparent or pearly eggs in clusters, hidden in damp soil, under stones and in leaf litter. A single Spanish slug can lay several hundred eggs; both eggs and young slugs overwinter, and feeding lasts from spring to late autumn, intensifying on warm, damp nights. The damage has smooth edges and often appears in the middle of the leaf blade, not only from the margin; seedlings and transplants are sometimes eaten down to bare soil, and on strawberries and ripening vegetables the slugs gnaw hollows into the fruit. The decisive diagnostic sign is the dried, silvery glistening slime trail — no insect leaves one.

Small (1–3 mm) soft-bodied insects, green, black or pink, feeding in clusters on young shoots and the underside of leaves. They excrete sticky honeydew. The diagnostic feature that distinguishes aphids from other small sucking insects is the pair of siphunculi (tubular projections) at the rear of the abdomen together with a tail-like cauda; a single colony usually holds wingless forms (parthenogenetic females) alongside winged migrants that fly onto new plants in summer. In summer aphids reproduce parthenogenetically and viviparously over many generations, so the population builds up explosively; in autumn many species produce a sexual generation that lays overwintering eggs on the host, and host-alternating species move between a winter host (often a tree or shrub) and a summer host (a herbaceous plant). Feeding symptoms include curling, crinkling and distortion of young leaves, stunted growth, yellowing, and the shedding of buds and fruitlets. Abundant honeydew coats the leaves, and the sooty mould fungus that develops on it forms a black film which limits photosynthesis; the honeydew is fed on by ants, which in return defend the colony against predators. Aphids are also important vectors of plant viruses (mosaics among them), transmitting them from plant to plant even during a brief probing puncture.